Photoshop Small Explainations/Tutorials....

Well I thought I'd make make a small tutorial/ explanation thing for Photoshop for editing pictures and Photos and things . Ok so I’m not saying I’m the best, in any way as I am still learning myself even though I’ve had it for ages now haha~xD
But still maybe it’ll help some of you too, so I thought I’d post it here.
For my examples or models I should say I will be using a picture of the Tidus from Final Fantasy X and Kyo from Dir en grey ‘cause their cool ‘n all :)
Right so for some effects I sometimes like to use first: